The x, however, has no parallel relationship to fe maleness. In kims 2011 study it was clear that the use of the mother tongue, specifically translation, helped the learners to recognize the importance of accuracy and led them to be more objective about their writing. The research is very clear about the importance of bilingual childrens mother tongue for their overall personal and educational development. Bilingualism has positive effects on childrens linguistic and educational. Patterns in the pedigree are used to determine pedigree. In africa the question of genelanguage relationships remains equivocal. Reconciling the father tongue and mother tongue hypotheses in. Mother tongue, a necessary step to intellectual development rezvan noormohamadi islamic azad university of tehran, science and research branch noormohamadi, r. Journal of panpacific association of applied linguistics, 122, 2536. Mother tongue, a necessary step to intellectual development. If nondisjunction involves the sex chromosomes, it results in eggs or sperm with abnormal numbers of x andor y chromosomes. Continentwide decoupling of ychromosomal genetic variation. Chromosome morphology submicroscopic chromosome made up of supercoils of dna. The y chromosome is much smaller than a typical x chromosome, and contains somewhere between 70200 genes the entire human genome comprises approximately 20,00025,000 genes.
Y chromosome sequences reveal a short beringian standstill. Pdf reconciling the father tongue and mother tongue hypotheses. Reconciling the father tongue and mother tongue hypotheses. We compared these to 65 published native american y chromosome. It is a ychromosome dna type j2a rather than an mtdna type, and its immigrant status is suggested by its presence at 10 to 20% frequency in high castes, both in indoeuropean speakers and farther south among dravidian speakers, and its nearabsence in lower castes or tribals. Today it is well established that the y carries a critical genetic switch for male sex determination. Cultural hitchhiking and competition between patrilineal kin groups. Hemizygous a gene present on the x chromosome that is expressed in males in both the recessive and dominant condition xlinked dominant traits. In eggs, a single nondisjunction event leads to xx eggs and o no x chromosome eggs. Ychromosome dna a type called o2, which is generally found among peoples of east asia, but predominantly 75 to 100% local indian mtdna types 2 in humans, mtdna is inherited from the mother see the. In opposition to the mother tongue hypothesis, the father tongue hypothesis states that humans tend to speak their fathers language, based on a stronger correlation of languages to paternal lineages ychromosome than to maternal lineages mitochondria. Mother tongue and y chromosomes request pdf researchgate. Inferring human history in east asia from y chromosomes ncbi.
Female sexual development is directed by hormones acting in concert with genes carried by many chromosomes and is not localized to the x. A mother tongue is the language the child can speak fluently before going to school. Genetic variation from language and geography in native south americans. Other researchers such as atkinson 1987 and kim 2011 advocate the importance of the mother tongue in the classroom and suggest that the l1 is an invaluable tool. The father tongue hypothesis proposes that humans tend to speak their fathers language. Dna dna or deoxyribonucleic acid is the molecule that carries the genetic information in all cellular forms of life and some viruses. There are several articles available on this subject, and i have chosen this one as a basis for classroom interaction. The y chromosome follows patrilineal inheritance, meaning it is only passed on. Request pdf mother tongue and y chromosomes a global picture is emerging of sexspecific transmission of language change in quite different regions and continents. We found that the malespecific genetic variation of native americans.
Sex chromosome abnormalities sometimes during meiosis, the paired m i or daughter chromosomes m ii go to the same pole. The use of the mother tongue in language teaching lecture notes. Chromosomes are facilitate the transmission of all genetic information from one generation to another. A chromosome is a structure that occurs within cells and that contains the.
Request pdf mother tongue and y chromosomes a global picture is emerging of sexspecific transmission of language change in quite different regions and. Similarly, the study found that another major language family, tibetoburman in northeastern india, coincides with. Furthermore, application of y chromosome analyses in the family genealogy studies. Microscopic chromosome consists of two chromatids or sister chromatids join together by centromere centromere divid. In this study, genetic histories of paternal and maternal migrations in these ie populations were elucidated using phylogenetic networks of ychromosomal and. Lampbrush chromosomes are a special form of chromosome found in the growing oocytes immature eggs of most animals, except mammals.
The ethnolinguistic identity of the domesticators of asian rice pdf. Therefore, we examined the relationship between ychromosomal. Summary and commentary last modified 23 may 2009 these notes are both a summary and a commentary. Special chromosomes pdf during nuclear division, the dna as chromatin in a eukaryotic cells nucleus is coiled into very tight compact structures. More detail on the research findings summarized below can be found in baker 2000, cummins 2000, and skutnabbkangas 2000.
To reassess these two competing hypotheses, we conducted a geneticlinguistic study of 34 modern indoeuropean ie populations. Continentwide decoupling of ychromosomal genetic variation from language and geography in. It is the language in which the child can operate confidently in all domains relevant to the childs life. Dna, genes and chromosomes learning objectives by the end of this learning material you would have learnt about the components of a dna and the process of dna replication, gene types and sequencing and the structural properties of a chromosome. Therefore, men sharing a surname are expected to have similar y chromosomes. Affected males produce all affected daughters and no affected sons. The twentythird set of chromosomes determine the gender of a person. In opposition to the mother tongue hypothesis, the father tongue hypothesis states. Ideally students should read this article in advance, and find other material before these notes are read and. Mother tongue is the language one thinks, dreams and counts in. The divergence of neandertal and modern human y chromosomes. Dna, genes and chromosomes university of leicester. Contrasting patterns of y chromosome and mtdna variation in africa.